TGFbetasignalingpathway
TGF-beta regulates growth and proliferation of cells, blocking growth of many cell types. The TGF-beta receptor includes type 1 and type 2 subunits that are serine-threonine kinases and that signal through the SMAD family of transcriptional regulators. Defects in TGF-beta signaling, includes mutation in SMADs, have been associated with cancer in humans. Prior to activation, receptor regulated SMADs are anchored to th......阅读全文
Trka－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that stimulates neuronal survival and growth through TrkA, a member of the trk family of tyrosine k
IL－2－signaling－pathway
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a potent cytokine that can lead to cellular activation and proliferation. IL-2 Receptors are found on activated B-Cells, LPS t
Growth－Hormone－Signaling－Pathway
Growth hormone plays a major role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence and also regulates metabolism. Defects in growth hormone signa
TGFβ的产生原因
(1)机体多种细胞均可分泌非活性状态的TGF-β。在体外，非活性状态的TGF-β又称为latency associated peptide(LAP)，通过酸处理一时可被活化。在体内，酸性环境可存在于骨折附近和正在愈合的伤口。蛋白本身的裂解作用可使TGF-β复合体变为活化TGF-β。一般在细胞分化活跃
TGFβ的生物作用
起初对TGF-β的生物学功能研究主要在炎症、组织修复和胚胎发育等方面，近年来发现TGF-β对细胞的生长、分化和免疫功能都有重要的调节作用。TGF-β1、β2和β3功能相似，一般来说，TGF-β对间充质起源的细胞起刺激作用，而对上皮或神经外胚层来源的细胞起抑制作用。(1)抑制免疫活性细胞的增殖:①抑制
TGFβ的基本解释
TGF-β的命名是根据这种细胞因子能使正常的成纤维细胞的表型发生转化，即在表皮生长因子(EGF)同时存在的条件下，改变成纤维细胞贴壁生长特性而获得在琼脂中生长的能力，并失去生长中密度依赖的抑制作用。TGF-β与早先报道的从非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞BSC-1所分泌的生长抑制因子是同一物。
TNFR1－Signaling－Pathway
TNFR1 (a.k.a. p55, CD120a) is the receptor for TNF(alpha) and also will bind TNF(beta). Upon binding TNF(alpha) a TNFR1+ cell is triggered to undergo
IGF1－Signaling－Pathway
Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) provide a potent proliferative signaling system that stimulates growth in many differen
Chaperones－modulate－interferon－Signaling－Pathway
Signaling by interferon-gamma stimulates anti-viral responses and tumor suppression through the heterodimeric interferon-gamma receptor. Signaling is
T－Cell－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
The T Cell Receptor plays a key role in the immune system. The specificity of the receptor is governed by the binding site formed from the mature alph
p53－Signaling－Pathway
p53 is a transcription factor who's activity is regulated by phosphorylation. The function is p53 is to keep the cell from progressing through the
Bioactive－Peptide－Induced－Signaling－Pathway
Many different peptides act as signaling molecules, including the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, the protease enzyme thrombin, and the blood pres
OX40－Signaling－Pathway
Two key features of the immune system are the clonal expansion of B cells and T cells in response to antigens, and the potentiation of future immune r
TNFR2－Signaling－Pathway
TNFR2 is the receptor for the 171 amino acid 19 kD TNF(beta) (a.k.a. lymphotoxin). TNF(beta) is produced by activated lymphocytes and can be cytotoxic
CXCR4－Signaling－Pathway
CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor in the GPCR gene family, and is expressed by cells in the immune system and the central nervous system. In response to b
NFkB－Signaling－Pathway
Nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates expression of a large number of genes that are critical for the regulation
Rho－cell－motility－signaling－pathway
RhoA is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell morphology via actin cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular signals.
Stat3－Signaling－Pathway
STATs, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription, are transcription factors that are phosphorylated by JAK kinases in response to cytokine ac
Msp/Ron－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
MSP, macrophage-stimulating protein, acts through the transmembrane receptor kinase RON (Stk in mice) to play a role in inflammation and the response
TGFBR3基因编码的功能和结构描述
该位点编码转化生长因子（TGF）-β-III型受体。编码受体是一种膜蛋白多糖，通常与其他TGFβ受体超家族成员作为共受体发挥作用。胞外域脱落产生可溶性TGFBR3，可能抑制TGFB信号传导。在各种癌症中观察到这种受体的表达降低。另外，编码不同亚型的剪接转录变体已被鉴定为该基因。This locus
TGFBR3基因突变因子与药物介绍
该位点编码转化生长因子（TGF）-β-III型受体。编码受体是一种膜蛋白多糖，通常与其他TGFβ受体超家族成员作为共受体发挥作用。胞外域脱落产生可溶性TGFBR3，可能抑制TGFB信号传导。在各种癌症中观察到这种受体的表达降低。另外，编码不同亚型的剪接转录变体已被鉴定为该基因。This locus
SMAD2基因编码的功能和结构描述
由该基因编码的蛋白质属于smad，一个类似于果蝇基因‘母亲抗十五瘫’（mad）和秀丽隐杆线虫基因sma的基因产物的蛋白质家族。smad蛋白是介导多种信号通路的信号转导和转录调节因子。这种蛋白介导转化生长因子（tgf）-β的信号，从而调节多种细胞过程，如细胞增殖、凋亡和分化。该蛋白通过与受体激活的SM
TGFβSMAD通路的基本步骤
TGFβ-SMAD通路的基本步骤如下。首先，TGFβ促使type-I受体和type-II受体形成四聚复合体，使得type-II受体磷酸化并激活type-I受体。接着，type-I受体结合并磷酸化R-Smads（receptor-activated Smads，如Smad2、Smad3），磷酸化的R-
TGFβ的分子结构
1985年TGF-β的基因克隆成功，并在大肠杆菌内得到表达。在哺乳动物至少发现有TGF-β1、TGF-β2、TGF-β3、TGF-β1β2四个亚型。在鸟类和两栖类动物还分别存在着TGF-β4和TGF-β5，对后两者的生物学作用所知甚少。TGF-β是由两个结构相同或相近的、分子量的12.5kDa亚单位
TGFβ/Smad－信号通路图
TGF-β（转化生长因子-β）信号通路在调控干细胞活性和器官形成中发挥着重要的作用，当TGF-β信号通路各成员活性未激活时，体内会自发性发生多种癌症，这表明TGF-β定向调节干细胞对癌症形成也具有不可或缺的功能。TGF-β超家族包含接近30个生长和分化因子，其中有TGF-β s，活化素(activi
TGFβSMAD通路的基本步骤
首先，TGFβ促使type-I受体和type-II受体形成四聚复合体，使得type-II受体磷酸化并激活type-I受体。接着，type-I受体结合并磷酸化R-Smads（receptor-activated Smads，如Smad2、Smad3），磷酸化的R-Smads从受体上解离下来。最后，R-
CD40L－Signaling－Pathway
The CD40 receptor was first associated with expression in B cells and the role it plays through its ligand CD40L (CD154) in moderating T cell activati
p38－MAPK－Signaling－Pathway
p38 MAPKs are members of the MAPK family that are activated by a variety of environmental stresses and inflammatory cytokines. Stress signals are deli
FAS－signaling－pathway－(－CD95－)
Receptors in the TNF receptor family are associated with the induction of apoptosis, as well as inflammatory signaling. The Fas receptor (CD95) mediat
Rac－1－cell－motility－signaling－pathway
Rac-1 is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell motility in response to extracellular signals. Several changes in cytoskeletal struct