SignalingPathwayfromGProteinFamilies
G-aS-coupled receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC), which synthesizes cAMP from ATP. In contrast Gai-coupled receptors inhibit AC and so reduce cAMP formation. The bg subunits from Gai and other G proteins are able to activate the MAP kinase pathways and PLCb. GPCRs coupled to the Gaq family of G proteins stimulate PLCb, which cleaves membrane phospholipids to produce IP3, which mobilizes intracellular calcium, a......阅读全文
Signaling－Pathway－from－GProtein－Families
G-aS-coupled receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC), which synthesizes cAMP from ATP. In contrast Gai-coupled receptors inhibit AC and so reduce cA
Activation－of－cAMPdependent－protein－kinase,－PKA
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the largest gene families of signaling proteins. Residing in the plasma membrane with seven transmembra
WNT－Signaling－Pathway
Wnt family members are secreted glycoproteins who bind to cell surface receptors such as Frizzled. Wnt members can play a role in the expression of ma
TPO－Signaling－Pathway
Thrombopoietin (TPO) binds to its receptor inducing aggregation and activation. TPO signals its growth regulating effects to the cell through several
MAPKinase－Signaling－Pathway
The ever evolving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways consist of four major groupings and numerous related proteins which constitut
Insulin－Signaling－Pathway
The appropriate signaling through the insulin pathway is critical for the regulation of glucose levels and the avoidance of diabetes. Insulin forms a
BCR－Signaling－Pathway
Significant progress has been made towards delineation of the intrinsic molecular processes that regulate B lymphocyte immune function. Recent observa
Ceramide－Signaling－Pathway
Over 1,000 papers and reviews have been written about the role of ceramide in the production of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Ceramide is a sphi
AKT－Signaling－Pathway
Many cell-surface receptors induce production of second messengers like PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, that convey signals to the cyt
Integrin－Signaling－Pathway
Integrins are cell surface receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix and mediate intracellular signals in response to the extracellular ma
EGF－Signaling－Pathway
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) peptide induces cellular proliferation through the EGF receptor, which has a tyrosine kinase cytoplasmic domain, a s
PDGF－Signaling－Pathway
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) plays a critical role in cellular proliferation and development. The biologically active form is a dimer formed
ATM－Signaling－Pathway
The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM) encodes a protein kinase that acts as a tumor suppressor. ATM activation by ionizing radiation damage to
EPO－Signaling－Pathway
Erythropoietin functions to increase the number of red blood cells. Thus, it has found utility as a drug for those needing to replenish erythrocytes f
mTOR－Signaling－Pathway
mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) appears to play a central role in signaling caused by nutrients and mitogens such as growth factors to regulate t
Reelin－Signaling－Pathway
Reelin is an extracellular protein secreted by neurons. Reeler mice with a defective Reelin gene exhibit neuronal abnormalities in development. Mice t
Ras－Signaling－Pathway
Ras activates many signaling cascades. Here we illustrate some of the well-characterized cascades in a generic compilation of effector molecules. The
GProtein－Signaling－Through－Tubby－Proteins
The tubby gene product is expressed in the brain and has been implicated by mouse genetics in obesity and other disorders such as blindness. Structura
IFN－alpha－signaling－pathway
Interferon alpha plays a role in viral infections. Signaling takes place through an IFN Recpetor complex consisting of two alpha chains (Type I recept
Phospholipase－C－Signaling－Pathway
Phospholipase C comes in multiple forms and plays a key role in the signal transduction process for many receptors. Its main function is to hydrolyze
Proteolysis－and－Signaling－Pathway－of－Notch
Notch is a large cell-surface receptor that is activated by contact with membrane-bound ligands on neighboring cells. The ligands that activate Notch
IL－2－signaling－pathway
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a potent cytokine that can lead to cellular activation and proliferation. IL-2 Receptors are found on activated B-Cells, LPS t
Trka－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that stimulates neuronal survival and growth through TrkA, a member of the trk family of tyrosine k
IL－5－Signaling－Pathway
IL-5 is an inflammatory signaling molecule that primarily stimulates eosinophil proliferation, maturation and activation. Eosinophils are leukocytes i
IL－17－Signaling－Pathway
Inflammation is a complex response involving many different cells and signaling molecules, including the secretion of the cytokine IL-17 by activated
IL－6－signaling－pathway
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that provokes a broad range of cellular and physiological responses. In addition to playing a role in inflammation
IFN－gamma－signaling－pathway
Interferon gamma is secreted from CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8 cells, gamma/delta T cells and activated NK cells. It plays a role in activating lymphocytes to
Growth－Hormone－Signaling－Pathway
Growth hormone plays a major role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence and also regulates metabolism. Defects in growth hormone signa
Nitric－Oxide－Signaling－Pathway
Glutamatergic-mediated nitric oxide (NO) production occurs via the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)-neuronal ni
TGF－beta－signaling－pathway
TGF-beta regulates growth and proliferation of cells, blocking growth of many cell types. The TGF-beta receptor includes type 1 and type 2 subunits th