InternalRibosomeEntryPathway
Control of translation is one of the major regulatory events in eukaryotic gene expression. Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) were first discovered in picornavirus RNAs but it is now clear that IRESs are also present in the 5’ untranslated region of many eukaryotic genes including those encoding: growth factors e.g. VEGF, FGF2 and PDGF; genes whose protein products are associated with apoptosis e.g. Apaf-1, IXAP;t......阅读全文
Internal－Ribosome－Entry－Pathway
Control of translation is one of the major regulatory events in eukaryotic gene expression. Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) were first discovered
VEGF,－Hypoxia,－and－Angiogenesis
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role in physiological blood vessel formation and pathological angiogenesis such as tumor growth
IRES－与－2A－peptide在同时表达多个目标基因中的应用比较
导读Hello! 大家好！有一个问题不知道大家考虑过没有：为了研究单个基因的功能机制或实现多基因协同表达, 那这种同时表达多个目标基因该如何实现呢？实际上，目前广泛采用多顺反子表达方案,即利用内部核糖体进入位点(internal ribosome entry site,IRES)或自剪切多肽2A(s
Translating－Ribosome－Affinity－Purification－(TRAP)－for－CellSpecific－...
The development of a multicellular organism is accompanied by cell differentiation. In fact, many biological processes have cell specificity, such
研究发现了丙肝病毒的关键靶点
来自美国科罗拉多大学医学院，霍德华休斯医学院的研究人员发现了丙型肝炎病毒HCV如何入侵宿主细胞的秘密，这一突破性成果将有助于开发针对此种病毒的治疗新方法，相关成果公布在12月23日的Nature Structural & Molecular Biology杂志上。 丙型病毒性肝炎是由丙肝病
Dicer－Pathway
The degradation of endogenous mRNA in a sequence-specific manner can be induced by dsRNA [RNA interfernce (RNAi)], antisense transcription, or viral i
Prion－Pathway
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is thought to result from the structural conversion of cellular prion protein, PrP(C), into a misfolded
Complement－Pathway
The complement pathway consists of a series of over thirty proteins in plasma that are part of the immune response. Activation of the complement syste
Antisense－Pathway
About 8% of human genes have been estimated to carry out transcription from both DNA strands, resulting in significant level of endogenous antisense R
Glycolysis－Pathway
Glycolysis was one of the first metabolic pathways studied and is one of the best understood, in terms of the enzymes involved, their mechanisms of ac
Fibrinolysis－Pathway
Clot formation and fibrinolysis is a balance of plasmin activation/inhibition and thrombin-thrombomodulin activity that regulates fibrin polymer forma
Alternative－Complement－Pathway
The complement system of plasma proteins is an important part of the immune system that forms a cascade of factors that lyses foreign cells. There are
WNT－Signaling－Pathway
Wnt family members are secreted glycoproteins who bind to cell surface receptors such as Frizzled. Wnt members can play a role in the expression of ma
PDGF－Signaling－Pathway
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) plays a critical role in cellular proliferation and development. The biologically active form is a dimer formed
EPO－Signaling－Pathway
Erythropoietin functions to increase the number of red blood cells. Thus, it has found utility as a drug for those needing to replenish erythrocytes f
Phosphatidylcholine－Biosynthesis－Pathway
The main components of biological membranes are phosphoglyceride lipids composed of a glycerol unit esterified to two fatty acids and a polar alcohol
Erythrocyte－Differentiation－Pathway
Stem cells in the bone marrow produce a variety of hematopoietic cell types from common progenitor cells under the influence of cytokines and growth f
Reelin－Signaling－Pathway
Reelin is an extracellular protein secreted by neurons. Reeler mice with a defective Reelin gene exhibit neuronal abnormalities in development. Mice t
Ceramide－Signaling－Pathway
Over 1,000 papers and reviews have been written about the role of ceramide in the production of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Ceramide is a sphi
EGF－Signaling－Pathway
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) peptide induces cellular proliferation through the EGF receptor, which has a tyrosine kinase cytoplasmic domain, a s
Integrin－Signaling－Pathway
Integrins are cell surface receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix and mediate intracellular signals in response to the extracellular ma
AKT－Signaling－Pathway
Many cell-surface receptors induce production of second messengers like PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, that convey signals to the cyt
Ras－Signaling－Pathway
Ras activates many signaling cascades. Here we illustrate some of the well-characterized cascades in a generic compilation of effector molecules. The
mTOR－Signaling－Pathway
mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) appears to play a central role in signaling caused by nutrients and mitogens such as growth factors to regulate t
BCR－Signaling－Pathway
Significant progress has been made towards delineation of the intrinsic molecular processes that regulate B lymphocyte immune function. Recent observa
TPO－Signaling－Pathway
Thrombopoietin (TPO) binds to its receptor inducing aggregation and activation. TPO signals its growth regulating effects to the cell through several
MAPKinase－Signaling－Pathway
The ever evolving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways consist of four major groupings and numerous related proteins which constitut
Insulin－Signaling－Pathway
The appropriate signaling through the insulin pathway is critical for the regulation of glucose levels and the avoidance of diabetes. Insulin forms a
Classical－Complement－Pathway
The complement system is part of the defense against invading cells and is composed of about twenty different proteins found in the plasma. When activ
ATM－Signaling－Pathway
The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM) encodes a protein kinase that acts as a tumor suppressor. ATM activation by ionizing radiation damage to