PhosphatidylcholineBiosynthesisPathway
The main components of biological membranes are phosphoglyceride lipids composed of a glycerol unit esterified to two fatty acids and a polar alcohol group. The properties of phospholipids give lipid bilayer membranes their self-organizing structure. The polar alcohol group is hydrophilic and organizes itself in the membrane facing outward toward water, while the hydrophobic fatty acid alkyl chains face inward toward......阅读全文
Phosphatidylcholine－Biosynthesis－Pathway
The main components of biological membranes are phosphoglyceride lipids composed of a glycerol unit esterified to two fatty acids and a polar alcohol
Phospholipid－Biosynthesis－in－E.－Coli－Pathway
The biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids occurs through distinct pathways in mammals and bacteria. In the mammalian pathway for the synthesis of pho
Biosynthesis－of－isoleucine
Isoleucine is an essential amino acid, only synthesized in plants and bacteria, and required in the diet by animals. In proteins, the hydrophobic isol
Biosynthesis－of－neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules used by neurons to communicate across chemical synapses. The receptors for neurotransmitters include G-prote
Biosynthesis－of－threonine－and－methionine
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Biosynthesis－of－Glycine－and－Serine
Intermediates in energy production pathways such as glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle are commonly the starting point for the biosynthesis of amino
Biosynthesis－and－Analysis－of－Bilins
The term bilin is a collective one to describe a broad group of open chain tetrapyrroles and derives from the name “bile pigments” as the first of
Biosynthesis－of－spermidine－and－spermine
The polyamines spermidine and spermine are expressed in a variety of tissues and are involved in the regulation of apoptosis, cellular proliferation,
Biosynthesis－of－Cysteine－in－mammals
In animals, the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is synthesized from homocysteine, which is itself derived from metabolism of the amino acid meth
Biosynthesis－of－Proline－in－Bacteria
Among the twenty amino acids encoded by the genetic code, proline is unique in having a cyclic structure with its side chain connected to the amino gr
Biosynthesis－of－Tryptophan－in－Bacteria－and－Plants
The aromatic amino acid tryptophan is an essential nutrient, meaning that humans and animals do not themselves have the biosynthetic machinery to synt
Biosynthesis－of－Chorismate－in－Bacteria－and－Plants
The biosynthesis of all three aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine) begins with the metabolic intermediate chorismate. The bio
Oxidative－reactions－of－the－pentose－phosphate－pathway
One form of chemical energy used to drive biosynthetic reactions forward is the reducing power of the energy carrier NADPH. NADPH is essential to driv
Complement－Pathway
The complement pathway consists of a series of over thirty proteins in plasma that are part of the immune response. Activation of the complement syste
Prion－Pathway
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is thought to result from the structural conversion of cellular prion protein, PrP(C), into a misfolded
Glycolysis－Pathway
Glycolysis was one of the first metabolic pathways studied and is one of the best understood, in terms of the enzymes involved, their mechanisms of ac
Fibrinolysis－Pathway
Clot formation and fibrinolysis is a balance of plasmin activation/inhibition and thrombin-thrombomodulin activity that regulates fibrin polymer forma
Antisense－Pathway
About 8% of human genes have been estimated to carry out transcription from both DNA strands, resulting in significant level of endogenous antisense R
Dicer－Pathway
The degradation of endogenous mRNA in a sequence-specific manner can be induced by dsRNA [RNA interfernce (RNAi)], antisense transcription, or viral i
Biosynthesis－of－Cysteine－from－serine－in－bacteria－and－plants
In animals cysteine is synthesized from homocysteine, a produce of the essential amino acid methionine. In the absence of dietary methionine, animals
PDGF－Signaling－Pathway
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) plays a critical role in cellular proliferation and development. The biologically active form is a dimer formed
MAPKinase－Signaling－Pathway
The ever evolving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways consist of four major groupings and numerous related proteins which constitut
Reelin－Signaling－Pathway
Reelin is an extracellular protein secreted by neurons. Reeler mice with a defective Reelin gene exhibit neuronal abnormalities in development. Mice t
Erythrocyte－Differentiation－Pathway
Stem cells in the bone marrow produce a variety of hematopoietic cell types from common progenitor cells under the influence of cytokines and growth f