Catabolicpathwayforasparagineandasparate
Aspartate and asparagine are catabolized into oxaloacetate and the Kreb's cycle in a fairly direct pathway for amino acids with four carbons. The first step for asparagine catabolism is hydrolysis by the enzyme asparaginase, releasing aspartate and ammonia. Aspartate is then transaminated by aspartate transaminase to exchange its amino group onto alpha-ketoglutarate and be converted into oxaloacetate. As part of ......阅读全文
Granzyme－A－mediated－Apoptosis－Pathway
One mechanism used by cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells is the release of perforin and granzyme proteins. Perforin protei
Cyclin－E－Destruction－Pathway
Cyclins are proteins that associate with cyclin-dependent protein kinases to regulate their activity and the progression of the cell cycle through spe
IFN－gamma－signaling－pathway
Interferon gamma is secreted from CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8 cells, gamma/delta T cells and activated NK cells. It plays a role in activating lymphocytes to
The－salvage－pathway－from－serine－to－phosphatidylcholine
The biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids occurs through distinct pathways in mammals and bacteria. In the mammalian pathway for the synthesis of pho
Phospholipase－Cepsilon－pathway
Proposed model for b2-AR- and prostanoid-receptor-mediated PLC and calcium signalling. Receptors coupling to Gs stimulate AC, resulting in elevated cA
Nerve－growth－factor－pathway－(NGF)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of a family of neurotrophins that induce the survival and proliferation of neurons. In cell culture NGF induces the f
p53－Signaling－Pathway
p53 is a transcription factor who's activity is regulated by phosphorylation. The function is p53 is to keep the cell from progressing through the
Bioactive－Peptide－Induced－Signaling－Pathway
Many different peptides act as signaling molecules, including the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, the protease enzyme thrombin, and the blood pres
OX40－Signaling－Pathway
Two key features of the immune system are the clonal expansion of B cells and T cells in response to antigens, and the potentiation of future immune r
CXCR4－Signaling－Pathway
CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor in the GPCR gene family, and is expressed by cells in the immune system and the central nervous system. In response to b
Rho－cell－motility－signaling－pathway
RhoA is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell morphology via actin cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular signals.
Stat3－Signaling－Pathway
STATs, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription, are transcription factors that are phosphorylated by JAK kinases in response to cytokine ac
IGF1－Signaling－Pathway
Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) provide a potent proliferative signaling system that stimulates growth in many differen
Chaperones－modulate－interferon－Signaling－Pathway
Signaling by interferon-gamma stimulates anti-viral responses and tumor suppression through the heterodimeric interferon-gamma receptor. Signaling is
TNFR1－Signaling－Pathway
TNFR1 (a.k.a. p55, CD120a) is the receptor for TNF(alpha) and also will bind TNF(beta). Upon binding TNF(alpha) a TNFR1+ cell is triggered to undergo
Oxidative－reactions－of－the－pentose－phosphate－pathway
One form of chemical energy used to drive biosynthetic reactions forward is the reducing power of the energy carrier NADPH. NADPH is essential to driv
NFkB－Signaling－Pathway
Nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates expression of a large number of genes that are critical for the regulation
Platelet－Amyloid－Precursor－Protein－Pathway
The amyloid -beta peptide (Ab), a proteolytic fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP), is the major componenet of senile plaques, the hallmark of
T－Cell－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
The T Cell Receptor plays a key role in the immune system. The specificity of the receptor is governed by the binding site formed from the mature alph
TollLike－Receptor－Pathway
The innate immune response responds in a general manner to factors present in invading pathogens. Bacterial factors such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS,
ER–associated－degradation－(ERAD)－Pathway
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the cell operates a quality control system that identifies misfolded proteins, transports them into the cytoplasm an
Msp/Ron－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
MSP, macrophage-stimulating protein, acts through the transmembrane receptor kinase RON (Stk in mice) to play a role in inflammation and the response
TNFR2－Signaling－Pathway
TNFR2 is the receptor for the 171 amino acid 19 kD TNF(beta) (a.k.a. lymphotoxin). TNF(beta) is produced by activated lymphocytes and can be cytotoxic
Phospholipid－Biosynthesis－in－E.－Coli－Pathway
The biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids occurs through distinct pathways in mammals and bacteria. In the mammalian pathway for the synthesis of pho
CD40L－Signaling－Pathway
The CD40 receptor was first associated with expression in B cells and the role it plays through its ligand CD40L (CD154) in moderating T cell activati
Rac－1－cell－motility－signaling－pathway
Rac-1 is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell motility in response to extracellular signals. Several changes in cytoskeletal struct
FAS－signaling－pathway－(－CD95－)
Receptors in the TNF receptor family are associated with the induction of apoptosis, as well as inflammatory signaling. The Fas receptor (CD95) mediat
SODD/TNFR1－Signaling－Pathway
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily contains several members with homologous cytoplasmic domains known as death domains (DD). The int
p38－MAPK－Signaling－Pathway
p38 MAPKs are members of the MAPK family that are activated by a variety of environmental stresses and inflammatory cytokines. Stress signals are deli
Role－of－Parkin－in－the－UbiquitinProteasomal－Pathway
The motor defects of Parkinson's disease are related to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in specific brain regions. Examination of these neurons i