PhospholipaseCepsilonpathway
Proposed model for b2-AR- and prostanoid-receptor-mediated PLC and calcium signalling. Receptors coupling to Gs stimulate AC, resulting in elevated cAMP levels and activation of Epac1. Epac1 then catalyses GTP-loading on Rap2B, which leads to PLC-e activation. The proposed pathway may involve additional signalling components to attain PLC stimulation.The action of cAMP seems to be independent of PKA; Instead, the cAM......阅读全文
CXCR4－Signaling－Pathway
CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor in the GPCR gene family, and is expressed by cells in the immune system and the central nervous system. In response to b
T－Cell－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
The T Cell Receptor plays a key role in the immune system. The specificity of the receptor is governed by the binding site formed from the mature alph
Oxidative－reactions－of－the－pentose－phosphate－pathway
One form of chemical energy used to drive biosynthetic reactions forward is the reducing power of the energy carrier NADPH. NADPH is essential to driv
p53－Signaling－Pathway
p53 is a transcription factor who's activity is regulated by phosphorylation. The function is p53 is to keep the cell from progressing through the
OX40－Signaling－Pathway
Two key features of the immune system are the clonal expansion of B cells and T cells in response to antigens, and the potentiation of future immune r
The－salvage－pathway－from－serine－to－phosphatidylcholine
The biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids occurs through distinct pathways in mammals and bacteria. In the mammalian pathway for the synthesis of pho
Platelet－Amyloid－Precursor－Protein－Pathway
The amyloid -beta peptide (Ab), a proteolytic fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP), is the major componenet of senile plaques, the hallmark of
TollLike－Receptor－Pathway
The innate immune response responds in a general manner to factors present in invading pathogens. Bacterial factors such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS,
Msp/Ron－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
MSP, macrophage-stimulating protein, acts through the transmembrane receptor kinase RON (Stk in mice) to play a role in inflammation and the response
TNFR2－Signaling－Pathway
TNFR2 is the receptor for the 171 amino acid 19 kD TNF(beta) (a.k.a. lymphotoxin). TNF(beta) is produced by activated lymphocytes and can be cytotoxic
Chaperones－modulate－interferon－Signaling－Pathway
Signaling by interferon-gamma stimulates anti-viral responses and tumor suppression through the heterodimeric interferon-gamma receptor. Signaling is
ER–associated－degradation－(ERAD)－Pathway
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the cell operates a quality control system that identifies misfolded proteins, transports them into the cytoplasm an
IGF1－Signaling－Pathway
Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) provide a potent proliferative signaling system that stimulates growth in many differen
Stat3－Signaling－Pathway
STATs, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription, are transcription factors that are phosphorylated by JAK kinases in response to cytokine ac
Rho－cell－motility－signaling－pathway
RhoA is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell morphology via actin cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular signals.
fMLP－induced－chemokine－gene－expression－in－HMC1－cells
Neutrophils respond to bacterial infection by releasing reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria and by expressing chemokines that attract other imm
CD40L－Signaling－Pathway
The CD40 receptor was first associated with expression in B cells and the role it plays through its ligand CD40L (CD154) in moderating T cell activati
SODD/TNFR1－Signaling－Pathway
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily contains several members with homologous cytoplasmic domains known as death domains (DD). The int
Rac－1－cell－motility－signaling－pathway
Rac-1 is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell motility in response to extracellular signals. Several changes in cytoskeletal struct
FAS－signaling－pathway－(－CD95－)
Receptors in the TNF receptor family are associated with the induction of apoptosis, as well as inflammatory signaling. The Fas receptor (CD95) mediat
Role－of－Parkin－in－the－UbiquitinProteasomal－Pathway
The motor defects of Parkinson's disease are related to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in specific brain regions. Examination of these neurons i
p38－MAPK－Signaling－Pathway
p38 MAPKs are members of the MAPK family that are activated by a variety of environmental stresses and inflammatory cytokines. Stress signals are deli
Phospholipid－Biosynthesis－in－E.－Coli－Pathway
The biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids occurs through distinct pathways in mammals and bacteria. In the mammalian pathway for the synthesis of pho
D4GDI－Signaling－Pathway
D4-GDI (GDP dissociation inhibitor) is a negative regulator of the ras related Rho Family of GTPases. Since the rho GTPases promote cytoskeletal and m
Activation－of－PKC－through－G－protein－coupled－receptor
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce a variety of signals from the extracellular environment across the plasma membrane. One of the common si
E2F1－Destruction－Pathway
E2F-1 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in the cell cycle and that is involved in progression of the cell cycl
IL22－Soluble－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
IL-22 is an inflammatory cytokine related to IL-10 that is produced by T cells and that induces a response in cells through a heterodimeric cell surfa
Rgt1－in－Yeast－Glucose－Induction－Pathway
Yeast sense glucose in their environment and alter gene expression to match their nutritional needs. In a glucose-rich environment, glycolysis is acti
碳4途径（C4pathway）
亦称四碳二羧酸循环（ C4 -dicarboxylic cycle）。光合碳同化的辅助途径。起源于热带及亚热带的一些植物，在其光合作用的暗反应中，二氧化碳首次被固定的接受体是磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸（ PEP）。在 PEP羧化酶催化下形成 C4 -羧酸——草酰乙酸。在 NADP-苹果酸脱氢酶催化下，还原为苹
Signaling－Pathway－from－GProtein－Families
G-aS-coupled receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC), which synthesizes cAMP from ATP. In contrast Gai-coupled receptors inhibit AC and so reduce cA