GADD34mediatedDephosphorylatoinofeIF2ainStressResponsePathway
NON-Clickable Image Translation initiation is inhibited in cells exposed to different stressful conditions. The phosphorylation of the aContributor:REFERENCES: Feedback Inhibition of the Unfolded Protein Response by GADD34-mediated Dephosphorylation of eIF2a Isabel Novoa, Huiqing Zeng, Heather P. Harding, and David Ron......阅读全文
Sonic－Hedgehog－(Shh)－Pathway
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of a family of three secreted proteins, including Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and Desert Hedgehog (Dhh), that play distinct and
Intrinsic－Prothrombin－Activation－Pathway
Blood coagulation or clotting takes place in 3 essential phases. The first phase is the activation of a prothrombin activator complex. The second phas
Growth－Hormone－Signaling－Pathway
Growth hormone plays a major role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence and also regulates metabolism. Defects in growth hormone signa
Proteolysis－and－Signaling－Pathway－of－Notch
Notch is a large cell-surface receptor that is activated by contact with membrane-bound ligands on neighboring cells. The ligands that activate Notch
IL－2－signaling－pathway
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a potent cytokine that can lead to cellular activation and proliferation. IL-2 Receptors are found on activated B-Cells, LPS t
Catabolic－pathway－for－asparagine－and－asparate
Aspartate and asparagine are catabolized into oxaloacetate and the Kreb's cycle in a fairly direct pathway for amino acids with four carbons. The
Melanocyte－Development－and－Pigmentation－Pathway
Studies with homozygous knockout mice have suggested that stem cell factor (SCF or KITLG), c-Kit, microphthalmia (Mitf), and B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (Bc
IL－5－Signaling－Pathway
IL-5 is an inflammatory signaling molecule that primarily stimulates eosinophil proliferation, maturation and activation. Eosinophils are leukocytes i
Internal－Ribosome－Entry－Pathway
Control of translation is one of the major regulatory events in eukaryotic gene expression. Internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) were first discovered
IL－18－Signaling－Pathway
IL-18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine similar in structure and mechanism of action to IL-1 beta. Formation of active IL-18 by macrophages requires clea
IFN－gamma－signaling－pathway
Interferon gamma is secreted from CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8 cells, gamma/delta T cells and activated NK cells. It plays a role in activating lymphocytes to
Granzyme－A－mediated－Apoptosis－Pathway
One mechanism used by cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells is the release of perforin and granzyme proteins. Perforin protei
Cyclin－E－Destruction－Pathway
Cyclins are proteins that associate with cyclin-dependent protein kinases to regulate their activity and the progression of the cell cycle through spe
Extrinsic－Prothrombin－Activation－Pathway
Blood coagulation or clotting takes place in 3 essential phases. The first phase is the activation of a prothrombin activator complex. The second phas
The－salvage－pathway－from－serine－to－phosphatidylcholine
The biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids occurs through distinct pathways in mammals and bacteria. In the mammalian pathway for the synthesis of pho
Phospholipase－Cepsilon－pathway
Proposed model for b2-AR- and prostanoid-receptor-mediated PLC and calcium signalling. Receptors coupling to Gs stimulate AC, resulting in elevated cA
p53－Signaling－Pathway
p53 is a transcription factor who's activity is regulated by phosphorylation. The function is p53 is to keep the cell from progressing through the
OX40－Signaling－Pathway
Two key features of the immune system are the clonal expansion of B cells and T cells in response to antigens, and the potentiation of future immune r
Nerve－growth－factor－pathway－(NGF)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is one of a family of neurotrophins that induce the survival and proliferation of neurons. In cell culture NGF induces the f
Bioactive－Peptide－Induced－Signaling－Pathway
Many different peptides act as signaling molecules, including the proinflammatory peptide bradykinin, the protease enzyme thrombin, and the blood pres
Rho－cell－motility－signaling－pathway
RhoA is a small G-protein in the Rho family that regulates cell morphology via actin cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular signals.
Stat3－Signaling－Pathway
STATs, Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription, are transcription factors that are phosphorylated by JAK kinases in response to cytokine ac
TNFR1－Signaling－Pathway
TNFR1 (a.k.a. p55, CD120a) is the receptor for TNF(alpha) and also will bind TNF(beta). Upon binding TNF(alpha) a TNFR1+ cell is triggered to undergo
Platelet－Amyloid－Precursor－Protein－Pathway
The amyloid -beta peptide (Ab), a proteolytic fragment of amyloid precursor protein (APP), is the major componenet of senile plaques, the hallmark of
Chaperones－modulate－interferon－Signaling－Pathway
Signaling by interferon-gamma stimulates anti-viral responses and tumor suppression through the heterodimeric interferon-gamma receptor. Signaling is
T－Cell－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
The T Cell Receptor plays a key role in the immune system. The specificity of the receptor is governed by the binding site formed from the mature alph
Oxidative－reactions－of－the－pentose－phosphate－pathway
One form of chemical energy used to drive biosynthetic reactions forward is the reducing power of the energy carrier NADPH. NADPH is essential to driv
NFkB－Signaling－Pathway
Nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates expression of a large number of genes that are critical for the regulation
TollLike－Receptor－Pathway
The innate immune response responds in a general manner to factors present in invading pathogens. Bacterial factors such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS,
ER–associated－degradation－(ERAD)－Pathway
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the cell operates a quality control system that identifies misfolded proteins, transports them into the cytoplasm an